Table 3 Functional outcomes, range of motion, and operative time for the included studies

Weißer 2003 [29] 

DASH 11.3

NR

67

Gao 2005 [24]

DASH 19 (4–72)

P 62 S 80

78

Weckbach 2006 [25]

DASH 13.7

NR

67

Visńa 2008 [30]

Anderson score: full ROM 89%, restricted 11%

P 62 S 80

75

Lee 2008 [6] 

DASH 15 (5–61)

GES EX (22, 81%) GD (3, 11%) AC (2, 7%)

P 85 (82–89) S 87 (83–90)

45

Ozkaya 2009 [31] 

DASH

ORIF: 15 (4–30)

IMN: 13 (3–25)

GES

ORIF: EX (14, 63%), GD (4, 18%), AC (4, 18%)

IMN: EX (16, 80%), GD (2, 10%), AC (2, 10%)

NR

65

Bansal 2011 [32]

DASH: 14 (8–36)

GE: EX (11, 87%) GD (1, 12%)

11 full ROM/1 limited ROM

35

Behnke 2012 [12]

GE: ORIF EX (18, 66%) GD (2, 7.4%), AC (5, 18.5%), P (2, 7.4%)

hybrid EX (17, 58%) GD (5, 17%), AC (6, 20%), P (1, 3%)

ORIF: P 82.2 ± 16.5 (30–90) S 78.5 ± 22.2 (10–90)

hybrid: P 84.5 ± 13.2 (30–90) S 79.1 ± 20.2 (20–90)

NR

Lil 2012 [33]

DASH: 15 (4–36)

GE: EX (17, 50%) GD (10, 29%) AC (4, 11%) P (3, 9%)

NR

42

Saka 2013 [34]

DASH: 8.08 (0–17.5)

GE: EX (15, 83%), GD (2, 11%), P (1, 5%)

P 80 (70–90) S 82 (80–90)

NR

Lee 2014 [15]

DASH: ORIF: 15 ± 3

IMN: 18 ± 3

GE: ORIF: EX (19, 86%), GD (2, 9%), P (1, 4%)

IMN: EX (21, 84%), GD (3, 12%), AC (1, 4%)

ORIF PS arc 159 (154–164)

IMN PS arc 157 (151–163)

ORIF: 74 ± 8

IMN: 52 ± 10

Saka 2014 [35]

DASH: 4.2 (0–13.3)

GE: EX or GD (21, 91%) AC (2, 9%)

P 84 S 82

20 (15–32)

Saka 2014 [26]

DASH: 6.5 (0–13.3)

GE: EX (38, 88%), GD (5, 12%)

P 80 S 82

30 (23–45)

Köse 2014 [36]

DASH: 15.15 (4–38.8)

P 83 S 73

61.94

Kim 2015 [13]

DASH: ORIF: 7.1 hybrid: 15.1

ORIF: P 79 (50–90) S 85 (70–90)

hybrid: P 73 (60–90) S 76 (50–90)

NR

Zhang 2016 [10]

Anderson’s scoring system: ORIF: EX (11, 52.4%) GD (3, 14.3%) P (7, 33.3%)

IMN: EX (11, 50%) GD (5, 22.7%) P (6, 27%)

hybrid: EX (34, 77%) GD (5, 11%) P (5, 11%)

ORIF: 137

IMN: 77

Hybrid: 68

Al-Sadek 2016 [37]

Anderson’s scoring system: ORIF: EX (20, 87%) GD (3, 13%) IMN: Ex (15, 68%) GD (3, 13.9%) P (4, 18%)

NR

Köse 2016 [38]

DASH 12.58 (3.3–32.5)

GE All Ex, 1 GD

P 85 (74–90) S 75 (67–80)

27.5 (17–70)

Babu 2017 [39]

NR

NR

NR

Kose 2017 [17]

DASH:

ORIF 9.81 (3.3–30)

IMN 12.87 (3.3–38.8)

GE

IMN EX (40, 83%), GD (8, 16%)

ORIF EX (36, 85%), GD (4, 9%), AC (1, 2%), P (1, 2%)

IMN P 84 (74–90)

S 75 (65–80)

ORIF P 84 (64–90)

S 74 (65–80)

ORIF: 63

IMN: 46

Azboy 2017 [20]

Dash 14 (5–36)

GE: EX (21, 65%), GD (7, 22%), AC (3, 9%), P (1, 3%)

52

Yörükoğlu 2017 [28]

DASH 31.2 ± 24.9

P 72.2 ± 19.8 S 75.3 ± 24.7

NR

Kibar 2019 [16]

DASH

ORIF: 7.7 ± 8.6 IMN: 7 ± 4.5

GE: ORIF: EX (24, 80.0%), GD (2, 6.7%), AC (4, 13.3%)

IMN: EX (19, 70.4%), GD (7, 25.9%), AC (1,3.7%)

ORIF: S 81.7 ± 5.9°

P 81.7 ± 6.5

IMN: S 82.6 ± 4.5°

P 80.7 ± 8.3°

ORIF: 63

IMN 46

Lee 2019 [40]

DASH: ORIF: 15 ± 3

IMN: 18 ± 3

hybrid: 16 ± 4

GE: ORIF: EX (35, 85.3%) GD (4, 9.7%) AC (2, 4.9%)

IMN: EX (23, 82.1%) GD (3, 10.7%) AC (2, 7.1%)

Hybrid: EX (27, 84.4%) GD (3, 9.4%) AC (2, 6.2%)

Pronation-supination arc

ORIF: 161 ± 5

IMN: 156 ± 6 hybrid: 160 ± 2

ORIF: 74

IMN: 59

Hybrid: 68

Kibar 2020 [14]

DASH:

ORIF: 6.56 ± 9.9

IMN: 4.42 ± 3.96

GE: ORIF: EX (13, 59.1%) GD (5, 22.7%) AC (4, 18.2%)

IMN: EX (21, 77.8%) GD (4, 14.8%) AC (2, 7.4%)

ORIF: P 83.41 ± 5.21 S 81.59 ± 5.21

IMN: P 84.81 ± 4.27 S 83.04 ± 4.66

IMN 21 (15–35)

ORIF 46 (40–110)

Uygur 2021 [41]

Dash: 10.5 (0–56)

GE: EX/GD (75, 96%), P (3, 4%)

NR

NR

Pavone 2021 [11]

GE: EX (22, 73%) GD (4, 13%) AC (2, 7%) P (2, 7%)

P 75 (50–80) S 68 (50–80)

NR

Kale 2021 [19]

NR

3 Patients: 30 °C P–S impairment compared with CLS

NR

Blažević 2021 [18]

DASH ORIF (5.21 ± 2.21) IMN (4.68 ± 1.66)

NR

NR

Aggregate mean values

DASH

ORIF: 10.17 ± 3.98

IMN: 13.1 ± 6.04

Hybrid: 15.5 ± 0.63

GE ORIF

EX (190, 76%) GD (29, 11.6%) AC (21, 8.4%)

P (10, 4%)

GE IMN

EX (377, 70.7%) GD (115, 21.5%) AC (21, 3.9%)

P (20, 3.75%)

GE hybrid

EX (78, 74.2%)

GD (13, 12.3%)

AC (8, 7.6%)

P (6, 5.7%)

IMN

pronation: 78.3 ± 7.89

Supination: 73 ± 4.99

ORIF

pronation 82.15 ± 1.93

Supination 79.7 ± 4.47

Hybrid

pronation 78.78 ± 5.75

Supination 77.55 ± 1.55

Surgical time

ORIF 65.3 ± 28.7

IMN: 50.8 ± 17.7

Hybrid 68