Skip to main content
Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology

Official Journal of the Italian Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology

Table 4 Within (I) and between (II) group differences in functional performance evaluated according to statistical (A), clinical (B), and methodological (C) thresholds

From: Functional leg performance 2 years after ACL surgery: a comparison between InternalBrace™-augmented repair versus reconstruction versus healthy controls

 

(I) SSD within groups

(II) involved leg (patient) vs. non-dominant leg (controls)

ACL-IB: involved vs uninvolveda

ACL-R: involved vs uninvolveda

Controls: non-dominant vs dominanta

ACL-IB vs Controlsa

ACL-R vs Controlsa

ACL-IB vs ACL-Ra

(A) Statistical threshold

95% CI of SSD exclude zero

Significant one-way ANOVA with P < 0.05

CI

P-value

Hop performance*

 SLH distance (%BH)

[− 7.1;− 1.0]

[− 9.2;− 2.4]

[− 3.0;0.4]

0.445

 SH (n)

[− 7;− 1]

[− 4;0]

[− 2;1]

0.744

Proprioception

 Joint position sense

  Error 60° flexion (°)

[− 0.1;1.3]

[− 0.6;0.9]

[− 0.5;1.2]

0.846

  Error 30° flexion (°)

[− 0.1;1.9]

[0.0;1.6]

[-0.5;1.4]

0.980

Dynamic postural control

 Y-Balance

  Anterior (%LL)

[− 3.1;0.4]

[− 2.6;1.3]

[− 1.6;1.3]

0.184

  Posteromedial (%LL)

[− 4.4;-0.5]

[− 2.6;1.2]

[− 2.0;1.3]

0.735

  Posterolateral (%LL)

[− 2.5;1.5]

[− 3.0;0.7]

[− 4.2;0.2]

0.804

  Composite score (%LL)

[− 2.8;-0.1]

[− 2.2;0.5]

[− 2.1;0.5]

0.796

(B) Clinical threshold

LSI < 90%

Absolute leg difference/average performance of non-dominant leg of controls > 10%

 

Mean (SD) or median [25, 75] percentile

Mean (SD)

Hop performance*

 SLH distance (%)

93.2 (12.8)

91.7 (12.5)

98.0 (6.7)

−6.8 (33.0)

−8.5 (22.2)

1.7 (33.0)

 SH (%)

81.5 (21.0)

83.3 (29.1)

97.3 (22.6)

−12.6 (52.2)

−7.3 (66.5)

−5.3 (52.2)

Proprioception

 Joint position sense (%)

  Error 60° flexion (%)

68.6 [4.4;153.5]

83.7 [3.0;142.1]

112.8 [−4.6;151.8]

6.8 (75.5)

9.1 (49.8)

−2.3 (75.5)

  Error 30° flexion (%)

62.8 [−51.2;130.8]

80.0 [−22.3;126.3]

55.4 [−58.1;185.7]

2.9 (67.3)

2.1 (46.1)

0.8 (67.3)

Dynamic postural control

 Y Balance

  Anterior (%)

97.9 (7.0)

99.0 (6.9)

100.0 (5.6)

−3.8 (9.2)

−4.7 (11.2)

0.9 (9.1)

  Posteromedial (%)

97.7 (4.7)

99.3 (4.5)

99.7 (4.4)

−0.8 (11.1)

−2.1 (8.9)

1.3 (11.1)

  Posterolateral (%)

99.4 (4.9)

98.9 (4.6)

98.1 (5.5)

2.0 (12.7)

0.8 (8.9)

1.2 (12.7)

 C omposite score (%)

98.3 (3.9)

99.0 (3.7)

99.1 (3.6)

−0.5 (10.2)

−1.7 (8.6)

1.2 (10.2)

(C) Methodological threshold

Absolute within-leg difference > SDCb

Absolute leg difference > SDCb

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Hop performance*

 SLH distance (% BH)

−4.1 (7.7)

−5.8 (8.2)

−1.3 (4.5)

−4.7 (22.7)

−5.9 (15.3)

1.2 (22.7)

 SH (n)

−4 (6)

−2 (6)

−0 (5)

−2 (11)

−1 (14)

−1 (11)

Proprioception

 Joint position sense

  Error 60° flexion (°)

0.6 (1.7)

0.1 (1.9)

0.3 (2.1)

−0.2 (2.4)

−0.3 (1.6)

0.1 (2.4)

  Error 30° flexion (°)

0.9 (2.6)

0.8 (2.0)

0.4 (2.5)

−0.1 (2.3)

−0.1 (1.5)

0.0 (2.3)

Dynamic postural control

 Y Balance

  Anterior (%LL)

−1.3 (4.5)

−0.7 (4.9)

−0.2 (3.8)

−2.5 (6.0)

−3.1 (7.4)

0.6 (6.0)

  Posteromedial (% LL)

−2.4 (5.1)

−0.7 (4.8)

−0.3 (4.3)

−0.8 (11.6)

−2.2 (9.3)

1.4 (11.6)

  Posterolateral (% LL)

−0.5 (5.2)

−1.2 (4.6)

−2.0 (5.7)

2.0 (12.3)

0.8 (8.6)

1.1 (12.3)

  Composite score (% LL)

−1.4 (3.6)

−0.9 (3.2)

−0.8 (3.4)

−0.5 (9.1)

−1.5 (7.6)

1.0 (9.1)

  1. ACL-IB anterior cruciate ligament repair and InternalBrace™ augmentation after proximal ruptures, ACL-R anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, SD standard deviation, BH body height, LL leg length, SSD side-to-side difference (patients: involved–uninvolved; controls: non-dominant–dominant); ANOVA analysis of variance, CI confidence interval, SLH single-leg hop, SH side hop, SDC smallest detectable change, LSI limb symmetry index
  2. Bold marked values indicate that a difference exceeded a predefined threshold in the respective category: statistical, clinical, methodological (see data analysis section)
  3. *Only patients who passed hop pretests and completed hop tests with both legs were included in this analysis
  4. aNegative values indicate lower performance in A compared with B when “A versus B” is given, except for JPS reproduction error, where lower values/errors indicate higher JPS performance
  5. bSDC for the respective measurements retrieved from the literature (see data analysis section): SLH, 13.9 cm ≙ 8.1% BH; SH, 7 hops; JPS, 3.8°; Y Balance, 8.7 cm ≙ 9.5% LL anterior, 10.3 cm ≙ 11.3% LL posteromedial, 11.5 cm ≙ 12.6% LL posterolateral, 24.8 cm ≙ 9.1% LL composite
Back to article page