The semi-extended infrapatellar intramedullary nailing of distal tibia fractures: a randomized clinical trial

Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology

Official Journal of the Italian Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology

Table 3 Outcomes of the study

Outcomes	HFIP (n = 45)	SEIP (n = 43)	P-value	Adjusted RR (95% CI)^b
Primary outcome
Malalignment, n (%)	9 (20.0%)	2 (4.7%)	0.030	0.16 (0.00 to 0.58)
Secondary outcomes
Fluoroscopy time, mean (SD), min	18.7 (4.4)	14.9 (2.9)	< 0.001
Operation time, mean (SD), min	123.6 (31.9)	105.6 (17.4)	0.002
Blood loss, mean (SD), mL	161.3 (87.7)	140.7 (83.7)	0.263
Hospital length of stay, mean (SD), d	11.7 (2.4)	11.6 (2.7)	0.878
AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot Scale score^a, mean (SD)	84.3 (8.6)	88.5 (5.8)	0.008
Complications
Superficial infection, n (%)	6 (13.3%)	7 (16.3%)	0.697
Deep infection, n (%)	0 (0)	0 (0)	NA
Delayed union, n (%)	5 (11.1%)	4 (9.3%)	0.780
Nonunion, n (%)	2 (4.4%)	1 (2.3%)	0.584

SEIP semi-extended infrapatellar, HFIP hyperflexed infrapatellar, CI confidence interval, SD standard deviation, AOFAS American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, RR risk ratio, OTA Orthopaedic Trauma Association
^aRange, 0 to 100; higher scores indicate better function
^bRisk ratios were adjusted for age, gender, type of fracture (close or open), and OTA classification