Table 3 Surgery characteristics

Ringel [18]

 Freehand

–

If needed

152

14 (46, 7)^a

16 (53, 3)^a

L2: 8

L3: 30

L4: 52

L5: 52

S1: 10

–

 Robot

If needed

146

17 (56, 7)^a

13 (43, 3)^a

L2: 8

L3: 24

L4: 50

L5: 48

S1: 16

SpineAssist

Roser [19]

 Freehand

Posterolateral

Yes

40

10 (100)^a

–

Lumbar

–

 Robot

–

–

72

18 (100)^a

–

Lumbar

SpineAssist

Hyun [21]

 Freehand

Posterior

–

140

20 (66, 7)^a

10 (33, 3)^a

Lumbar

–

 Robot

Posterior

If needed

130

25 (83, 3)^a

5 (16, 7)^a

Lumbar

Renaissance

Kim [22]

 Freehand

Posterior

Yes

172

37 (90, 2)^a

4 (9, 8)^a

L2–3: 2

–

 Robot

Posterior

Yes

158

32 (86, 5)^a

5 (13, 5)^a

L2–3: 3

Renaissance

Tian [20]

 Freehand

–

–

88

–

–

–

–

 Robot

–

–

102

–

–

–

TiRobot

Wang [23]

 Freehand

–

–

22

22 (100)^b

0

S1: 13

S2: 9

–

 Robot

–

–

23

19 (82, 6)^b

4 (17, 4)^b

S1: 13

S2: 10

TiRobot

Feng [25]

 Freehand

Posterior

If needed

225

–

–

L2: 18

L3: 49

L4: 78

L5: 80

–

 Robot

Posterior

If needed

202

–

–

L2: 18

L3: 48

L4: 80

L5: 64

TiRobot

Han [13]

 Freehand

Posterior

If needed

584

–

–

Thoracic and lumbar

–

 Robot

Posterior

–

532

–

–

Thoracic and lumbar

TiRobot

Fan [26]

 Freehand

–

If needed

204^c

–

–

Cervical

Tianji Robot

 Robot

–

If needed

186^c

–

–

Cervical

Feng [27]

 Freehand

Posterior

–

174

–

–

Lumbar

TiRobot

 Robot

–

–

170

–

–

Lumbar