Table 2 Summary of patient characteristics

Ringel [18]

 Freehand

30

67*

18 (66.0)

12 (40.0)

28*

Indication for lumbosacral stabilisation

–

 Robot

30

68*

16 (53.3)

14 (46.4)

26*

Roser [19]

 Freehand

10

–

–

–

Degenerative lumbar instability

–

 Robot

18

–

–

–

Hyun [21]

 Freehand

30

66.8 ± 8.9

22 (73.3)

8 (26.7)

25.8 ± 3.3

Degenerative lumbar disorder

–

 Robot

30

66.5 ± 8.1

21 (70.0)

9 (30.0)

24.7 ± 2.6

Kim [22]

 Freehand

41

66.0 ± 8.6

19 (46.3)

22 (53.7)

25.3

Lumbar spinal stenosis

13.1 ± 8.2

 Robot

37

65.4 ± 10.4

18 (48.6)

19 (51.4)

25.9

12.5 ± 9.3

Tian [20]

 Freehand

17

–

–

–

–

–

–

 Robot

23

–

–

–

–

Wang [23]

 Freehand

15

43*

7 (46.7)

8 (53.3)

–

Polytrauma

–

 Robot

15

36*

5 (33.3)

10 (66.7)

–

Feng [25]

 Freehand

40

67.9 ± 7.3

27 (67.5)

13 (32.5)

25.6 ± 3.5

Degenerative disk disease: 19

Degenerative spondylolisthesis: 12

Spondilolytic listhesis: 5

Degenerative scoliosis: 4

–

 Robot

40

67.6 ± 6.5

28 (70.0)

12 (30.0)

25.0 ± 4.5

Degenerative disk disease: 20

Degenerative spondylolisthesis: 10

Spondilolytic listhesis: 7

Degenerative scoliosis: 3

Han [13]

 Freehand

119

56.1 ± 13.4

61 (51.3)

58 (48.7)

24.9 ± 2.9

Degenerative pathology: 84

Traumatic pathology: 35

–

 Robot

115

54.6 ± 11.3

60 (52.2)

55 (47.8)

25.7 ± 4.1

Degenerative pathology: 74

Traumatic pathology: 41

Fan [26]

 Freehand

66

49.5 (39,59)

27 (40.9)

39(59.1)

24.47 ± 3.94

–

 Robot

61

49 (34.5,57.5)

18 (29.5)

43(70.5)

23.65 ± 4.10

–

Feng [27]

 Freehand

40

64.22 ± 6.19

25(62.5)

15(37.5)

–

Lumbar spinal stenosis: 21

Degenerative spondylolisthesis: 14

Lumbar instability: 5

 Robot

40

63.45 ± 4.56

24(60)

16(40)

–

Lumbar spinal stenosis: 19

Degenerative spondylolisthesis: 18

Lumbar instability: 3