Table 2 Indications for antibiotic-containing cement-coated implants in different studies

Intramedullary infections of long bones after previous osteosynthesis or nailing

[10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 21, 22, 29,30,31,32, 38, 46]

Infected nonunions

[8, 12, 14, 16, 19, 22,23,24, 28, 33, 36, 39,40,41, 44, 47, 48]

Infected total knee arthroplasty (TKA)

[22]

Segmental bone defects, infected arthrodesis, chronic osteomyelitis with bone defects after debridement, chronic infection after total knee replacements, infected Charcot ankle, infected bone after distraction osteogenesis

[19]

Early infection after internal fracture plate fixation with implant retention

[9]

Infected open fractures, loosened inverse shoulder prosthesis due to infection

[8]

Femoral osteomyelitis with tibial involvement

[42]

Chronic osteomyelitis of the tibia and femur

[13]

As part of damage control orthopedics after external fracture fixation in polytrauma patients, to prevent medullary infection during external fracture fixation

[30]

Infected fracture internal fixation, treated with coated plates

[44]

Osteomyelitis after hindfoot reconstruction for Charcot neuroarthropathy

[26]

Secondary osteomyelitis after internal fixation of ankle fracture and subsequent spacer implantation and failure

[45]

Infected periprosthetic femoral fracture after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) subsequent to total hip arthroplasty

[37]

Infected fusion after tibiotalocalcaneal fusion attempt

[26, 38]

Infected deformed ankle and hindfoot after unsuccessful tibiotalocalcaneal fusion attempt

[25]

Deformed neuropathic ankles with clinical osteomyelitis

[27]

Large femoral osteomyelitis defects with a size exceeding 5 cm after debridement

[34]

Infected periprosthetic humeral fracture after total elbow arthroplasty

[35]

Tibial nonunions with segmental bone defects ranging from 6 to 25 cm, with an average size of 13 cm

[23]

Comminuted diaphyseal fracture of third metacarpal with bone loss

[18]