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Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology

Official Journal of the Italian Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology

Table 4 Risk factors for low BMD and fragility/low-energy fractures: levels of evidence are also shown (level 1: evidence from RCTs or metanalyses of RCTs; level 2: evidence from prospective cohort studies or poor-quality RCTs; level 3: evidence from case–control studies or retrospective cohort studies). Reproduced (with permission) from Table 1 of Guidance for the diagnosis, prevention and therapy of osteoporosis in Italy (Cianferotti and Brandi [73])

From: Clinical guidelines for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis: summary statements and recommendations from the Italian Society for Orthopaedics and Traumatology

Risk factor

For BMD

For fracture

BMD

1

1

Age

1

1

Fragility fractures after 40 years of age

2

1

Family history of fragility fractures

2

2

Chronic corticosteroid therapy

1

1

Premature menopause (< 45 years)

1

2

Weight

1

2

Reduced calcium intake

1

1

Reduced physical activity

2

2

Smoking

2

1

Alcohol

2

3

Risk factors for falls

–

1

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