Official Journal of the Italian Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology
Table 2 Secondary causes of osteoporosis. Reproduced (with permission) from Table 7 of the Guidance for the diagnosis, prevention and therapy of osteoporosis in Italy (Cianferotti and Brandi [73])
Endocrinopathies  Hypogonadism  Hypercortisolism  Hyperparathyroidism  Hyperthyroidism  Hyperprolactinemia  Diabetes mellitus type 1  Acromegaly  GH deficiency | Collagenopathies  Osteogenesis imperfecta  Ehlers–Danlos syndrome  Marfan syndrome  Homocystinuria |
Hematologic diseases  Multiple myeloma  Myelo- and lymphoproliferative disorders  Systemic mastocytosis  Thalassemia | Organ transplantation |
Gastrointestinal diseases  Chronic liver diseases  Celiac disease  Inflammatory bowel diseases  Gastrectomy  Lactose intolerance  Intestinal malabsorption  Pancreatic insufficiency | Drugs: cyclosporine, thyroid hormones in suppressive doses postmenopause, anticonvulsants, anticancer drugs (aromatase inhibitors, GnRH agonists and antagonists), methotrexate, anticoagulants, loop diuretics |
Rheumatic diseases  Rheumatoid arthritis  Systemic lupus erythematosus  Ankylosing spondylitis  Psoriatic arthritis  Scleroderma | Alcoholism |
Kidney diseases  Idiopathic hypercalciuria  Renal tubular acidosis  Chronic kidney disease | Smoking |
Rheumatic diseases  Rheumatoid arthritis  Systemic lupus erythematosus  Ankylosing spondylitis  Psoriatic arthritis Scleroderma | Drug addiction |
Kidney diseases  Idiopathic hypercalciuria  Renal tubular acidosis  Chronic kidney disease | Immobilization |
Other diseases  Anorexia  Cystic fibrosis  Hemochromatosis  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Severe disability |