Table 1 Study population demographics and clinical characteristics

Age (years)

45.3 (38–61)

Follow-up (years)

56.5 (40–72)

Sex (M/F)

18 M, 7 F

BMI (kg/m²)

26.3 (22.5–29.0)

Smoking habit (yes/no), n (%)

7 yes (27%), 18 no (73%)

Diagnosis

Constitutionally narrow canal

OPLL

Multilevel degenerative disc disease

N Levels

7 (28%) 3.2 (3–5)

2 (08%) 3.3 (3–4)

16 (64%) 2.5 (2–5)