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Official Journal of the Italian Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology

Table 4 Factors that were controversial or lacked evidence

From: Factors predicting outcome in whiplash injury: a systematic meta-review of prognostic factors

Factors

The conclusion of evaluated systematic reviews [and citations]

Overall

Gender

A [15], C [18], N [19], N [22], A [23]

Controversial

Age

N [15], N [19], C [18], N [22], A [23]

Controversial

Education

A [15], C (18], C [23)

Controversial

Pain prior to accident

A [15], C [18], C [23]

Controversial

Genetic factors

L [18]

Lack of evidence

Coping behaviour

C [18], C [20]

Controversial (based on outdated reviews)a

General psychological distress

A [19], N [20]

Controversial (based on outdated reviews)a

Depressive mood

N [14], A [18], C [20]

Controversial (based on outdated reviews)a

  1. A associated, N non-associated, C controversial, L lack of evidence
  2. aSystematic reviews that were published 5 years ago or earlier are considered ‘outdated’